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From Lectures in Thermodynamics: Heat and Work, by J. M. Haile, Macatea Productions, 2002. An ebook version is also available.
For values of properties for 43 pure fluids, visit our Property Calculator.
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Acceleration of gravity, 4, 100, 561 Acentric factor, 94, 121, 531 . . . Of pure fluids, 521 Adiabat . . . Irreversible, 235, 239, 243, 328, 337 . . . Reversible, 190f, 193, 319, 326, 335, 337f, 353 Adiabatic . . . Compressibility, 424 . . . Compression, 190f, 235, 319, 352f, . . . . . . 381, 397, 409, 412 . . . Expansion, 381, 409 . . . Mixing, 273f, 276f . . . Processes, 325f, 352f . . . Work, 163f, 166f, 352f Additivity, pairwise, 108 Alkane, 109, 110 . . . Second virial coefficients of, 89, 106 Always True, 72, 113, 151, 214, 248, 256, . . . . . . 271, 322, 343, 346, 349, 425f, 490, . . . . . . 493, 495f Analysis, 158, 274, 276 Antiknock compound, 406 Antoine equation, 226 Argon, 126 |
Attractive force . . . Dipolar, 102 . . . Dispersion, 104f, 107 . . . Induction, 104 . . . Nondipolar, 103 Avogadro's number, 15, 651 Batch process, 218, 251 Benzene, 530 . . . TS diagram, 357 Benzenebergs, 35 Bernoulli equation, 271, 301, 312 Blowers, 304, 312 Boiling point . . . Of hydrogen selenide, 56 . . . Of hydrogen sulfide, 56 . . . Of hydrogen telluride, 56 . . . Of pure fluids, 521f . . . Of water, 36, 56 Boundary, 13, 151, 154, 169, 256, 260 . . . Kinds of, 19 Brayton cycle, . . . Analysis, 398 . . . Description, 397 . . . Efficiency of, 398, 401 |
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Bulk mass transfer, 13, 462 Calorimeter, 173f, 202 . . . Constant volume, 173 . . . Flow, 202, 298f Calorimetry, 177, 298f, 431, 444 Carbon dioxide, 229f Carbon tetrachloride, 56, 530 Carnot . . . Coefficient of performance, 411 . . . Cycle, 319f, 338, 389, 402 . . . Efficiency, 322, 332, 376, 389, 391, 402 . . . Heat pump, 408 Change of state, 43, 51f . . . Irreversible, 143 . . . Reversible, 51f, 138, 140f, 142, 144, 316, . . . . . . 334, 337 Chemical reaction, 7, 9, 18, 25, 217, 253, 306, . . . . . . 376, 423, 427, 500 Clapeyron equation, 222, 248, 482 Classes . . . Of derivatives, 424 . . . Of properties, 24f . . . Of pure fluids, 108f Classical mechanics, 9 Clausius-Clapeyron equation, 225, 482 Clean notebook, 11, 28, 113, 216 Closed system, 19 . . . Always true, 247f . . . First law, 168, 247 . . . Fundamental equations, 342f, 421f . . . Second law, 337f, 376 Coefficient of performance, 411 Compressibility . . . Factor, 69, 72, 78f, 82f, 122f, 225, 445f, . . . . . . 453, 499 . . . Isothermal, 52, 66, 87, 179, 424, 498 . . . . . . divergence, 67f, 478 . . . . . . of ideal gas, 70 . . . . . . of liquids, 66, 530 . . . . . . of nitrogen, 127 . . . . . . of van der Waals fluid, 88 . . . Lee-Kesler correlation for, 123 Compression . . . Adiabatic, 190f, 230, 235, 319 . . . -Ignition, engines, 405 . . . Isothermal, 188, 230, 319, 321 Compressor, isothermal, 153, 305 Conceptual, 26, 196, 214, 247f, 339, 342, 419f, . . . . . . 422, 430, 434, 445, 449, 458, 495f, 497 . . . From models, 434f Conservative force, 100f, 108 Constants, 561 . . . Avogadro's number, 15, 561 . . . Boltzmann, 561 . . . Gas, 15, 70, 175, 561 |
Constants (con'd) . . . Planck, 6, 16, 561 Constraints, 262f . . . On adiabatic processes, 325f . . . On heat transfer, 360f . . . Special, 264 Continuous process, 218, 251f Contraction, sudden, 266 Control volume, 251 Conundrum, engineer's, 246 Correlation, 90, 121, 458, 500 . . . For ideal-gas heat capacities, 524 . . . For liquid molar volumes, 49, 531 . . . For vapor pressures, 48f, 224, 226, 527 . . . For virial coefficients, 120f, 122, 451 . . . Lee-Kesler, 123 Corresponding states, 98f, 114f, 500 . . . In critical properties, 118f, 121f . . . In molecular parameters, 115f Counter-current flow, 283, 290, 294 Critical opalescence, 478 Critical point, 34, 42, 67, 478, 485 . . . Compressibility factor at, 118f, 531 . . . Of propane, 68 . . . Of pure fluids, 521f . . . Of water, 36 Cubic equation of state, 86f, 472f,483f, 486 . . . Solving for volume, 95, 475f Cubic polynomial, roots of, 534f Cycle, 315f . . . Brayton, 397f . . . Carnot, 319, 332, 389, 402 . . . Diesel, 405 . . . Gas power, 395 . . . Otto, 404 . . . Rankine, 332, 380f . . . Vapor-Liquid, 379 Death Star, 28 Degrees of freedom, 175, 262 Delta operator, 4f, 220f, 254 Density expansion, 78f Derivatives . . . Classes of, 424 . . . Definition, 503 . . . Partial, 509 Design, 158, 229, 237, 239, 256f, 275, 279 . . . Heat exchanger, 362, 365f Deviation from ideality . . . Differences, 445, 456, 499 . . . Ratios, 445, 499 Diagram . . . PH, 212f, 279, 468 . . . Process, 133 . . . PT, 39, 71, 223 |
From J. M. Haile, Lectures in Thermodynamics, Index, Macatea Productions, 2002.
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Diagram (con'd) . . . Pv, 41f, 91f, 119, 136, 397, 404, 405, . . . . . . 466, 473 . . . State, 136 . . . TH, 292f, 363f, 370f . . . TS, 354f, 357, 381, 387, 390, 392, 397, . . . . . . 403, 404, 405, 411f, 414 Diesel cycle, 405 Differential, 504f . . . Driving force, 141f, 316 . . . Exact, 22, 51, 168, 256, 329f, 342, 442, 507 . . . Total, 23, 147, 172, 202, 341, 497f, 507 Diffuser, 268 Diffusion, 13 Diffusional equilibrium, 18, 462, 463 Dipolar . . . Associating fluids, 108f, 112 . . . Nonassociating fluids, 108f, 111 Dipole, 102 . . . Moments, 102f, 104 Dispersion force, 104f, 106f Dissipative force, 134 Driving force, 18, 134, 462 . . . Differential, 141, 316, 362 . . . Finite, 143 . . . Heat Transfer, 289f, 290, 366 Duhem's theorem, 21, 31f Efficiency, 305 . . . Carnot, 322, 332, 376, 389, 391, 402 . . . Maximum thermal, 330 . . . Mechanical, 137, 145 . . . Of Brayton cycle, 400f . . . Of pumps, 308f . . . Of Rankine cycle, 388, 391 . . . Table of, 307 . . . Thermal, 306, 316, 324, 330, 376 Electrical work, 165, 173, 412 Electricity, generation of, 379f Energy, 3, 6 . . . Balance, 253f, 256, 270f . . . Definition, 6 . . . Gibbs, 422 . . . Gravitational, 100 . . . Helmholtz, 422 . . . Internal, 166, 172f . . . Kinetic, 5, 169 . . . Mechanical balance, 270 |
Energy (con'd) . . . Molecular kinetic, 15 . . . Molecular potential, 101f, 108 . . . Potential energy, 4, 163, 169 . . . Thermal, 15 . . . Work as, 4, 14 . . . Work to displace, 4 . . . Work to elevate, 4 Energy densities of fuels, 6 Engine . . . Heat, 316f, 324, 379f, 395f . . . Internal combustion, 403f . . . Steam, 302f, 315 Enthalpy, 199f . . . Changes, 201, 270 . . . Definition, 201 . . . Incompressible fluid, 201, 270 . . . Isothermal P-derivative, 209, 348 . . . Physical interpretation, 201 . . . Residual, 450 . . . Steady flow, 256 . . . Total differential of, 202, 248, 281, 432 Entropy, 341f . . . Definition, 330 . . . Heat capacities and, 344f . . . Isothermal P-derivative, 347, 426 . . . Isothermal V-derivative, 345, 426 . . . Residual, 450, . . . Total differential of, 341, 346f, 433f Equation of state . . . As model, 65f, 82f, 486 . . . Corresponding states for, 123f . . . Cubics, 86f, 93 . . . Ideal gas, 68f . . . Nearly incompressible liquid, 66 . . . P-independent, 435 . . . Peng-Robinson, 94 . . . Redlich-Kwong, 93 . . . Redlich-Kwong-Soave, 94 . . . Types of, 22 . . . V-independent, 22, 434 . . . Van der Waals, 86f, 485 . . . Virial equations, 77f Equilibrium, 18 . . . Diffusional, 18, 462, 463 . . . Mechanical, 18, 462 . . . Phase, 462, 473 . . . States, 17f, 140 |
From J. M. Haile, Lectures in Thermodynamics, Index, Macatea Productions, 2002.
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Equilibrium (con'd) . . . Thermal, 18, 462 Ethane, 446 . . . PH diagram, 468 Ethanolberg, 35 Exact differential, 23, 507 . . . Test for, 23, 345, 426 Expansion . . . Adiabatic, 319 . . . Isenthalpic, 208f . . . Isothermal, 319 . . . Joule, 180 . . . Joule-Thomson, 280, 467 . . . Sudden, 266 Expansivity, volume, 53, 66, 214 . . . Definition, 53 . . . Joule-Thomson inversion and, 212 . . . Of benzene, 530 . . . Of carbon tetrachloride, 530 . . . Of ideal gas, 70 . . . Of n-heptane, 530 . . . Of propane, 530 . . . Of steam, 53 . . . Of water, 53, 56, 530 . . . Relate to isothermal entropy derivative, 537 . . . Relate to heat capacities, 204 Experiment, 15, 26, 37, 70, 128, 458, 487 . . . Calorimetry, 173, 182, 299 . . . Joule's, 163f, 196, 315 . . . Reduction of, 55, 65, 499 . . . Second virial coefficient from, 80, 120, 122 . . . Thermal, 173, 177, 182, 299, 430, 444 . . . Volumetric, 177, 182, 430, 444 Explosion, 49 Extensive . . . Quantity, 25 . . . State, 32 External pressure, 131, 142, 181 Fan, 304 Feasibility, 351f First law, 495 . . . Closed systems, 168, 196 . . . Open steady flow, 253, 256, 270 |
Flow . . . Counter-current, 283, 290 . . . Parallel, 283, 288 . . . Work, 254f Fluid, 34, 40 . . . Classes of, 108 Force . . . Attractive molecular, 80, 87, 102, 103f . . . Conservative, 100, 108 . . . Dipolar, 102 . . . Dispersion, 104f . . . Dissipative, 134 . . . Driving, 18, 134, 462 . . . . . . differential, 141, 316, 362 . . . . . . finite, 143 . . . . . . heat transfer, 289f, 290, 366 . . . Gravitational, 99f . . . Induction, 104 . . . Intermolecular, 87, 101f, 166 . . . Overlap, 101 . . . Repulsive molecular, 80, 87, 101f . . . Virial coefficients and, 80 Free expansion, 181 Freon, 416 Friction, 134f, 301f, 309 Fundamental eqs., 342, 421f, 430, 498 . . . Uses of, 423, 430f, 462 Gas (or vapor), 34, 87 . . . Constant, 15, 70, 175, 561 . . . Liquefaction, 467 . . . Power cycles, 395f . . . Turbine plants, 395f Gibbs, 53, 430 . . . Energy, . . . . . . extensive, 422, 426, 435, 462 . . . . . . molar, 463, 473, 481 . . . . . . residual, 444, 449, 452, 464, 473 . . . -Helmholtz equations, 427 . . . Phase rule, 32 Global warming, 416 Gravity, 4, 99f . . . Feed tank, 264 |
From J. M. Haile, Lectures in Thermodynamics, Index, Macatea Productions, 2002.
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Heat, 167f . . . Duty, 287 . . . Engine, 317, 325, 379f, 395f . . . Latent, 217, 220f, 481f . . . Pump, 408f . . . Reversible isobaric process, 201 . . . Sensible, 218f . . . Sign convention for, 168 Heat capacity . . . Ideal gas, 179, 204, 215 . . . . . . correlation for, 524 . . . Incompressible fluids, 206 . . . Isobaric, 202, 204, 215, 248, 362f . . . Isometric, 172f, 204, 215 . . . Measurement, 173, 298 . . . Nearly incompressible liquids, 179, 206, . . . . . . 215 . . . Ratio, 205, 402 . . . Relation between, 204, 215 . . . Temperature effect on, 175, 219f Heat exchanger . . . Design, 362f . . . Double-tube, 283 . . . Second-law violations, 362f, 369 . . . Tube-in-shell, 285 Heat transfer . . . Area, 366, 369 . . . Constraints on, 362f . . . Isobaric, reversible, 199 Helmholtz energy, 422f, 435 . . . Definition, 422 . . . Physical interpretation of, 425 . . . T-derivative, 426 Heptane, 56, 530 Hickam, Homer, 199 Homogeneous function, 25 Hydrogen bonding, 57f, 108, 121, 486 Hypothetical process, 52, 146, 436, 442 Ice, 32, 35, 55, 58f, 223, 413 Ideal gas, 68f . . . Enthalpy, 201 . . . Joule-Thomson coefficient, 211 |
. . . On PT diagram, 71 . . . Processes, 185f, 205f . . . Properties, 70, 201 . . . Residual properties and, 441f, 456 Incompressible fluid, 66 . . . Enthalpy, 201 . . . Heat capacities, 206 Integrating factor, 329 Intensive . . . Quantity, 25 . . . State, 32 Interaction, 13f, 17, 33 . . . Mass, 13 . . . Thermal, 15f . . . Work modes, 14, 17 Intermolecular force, 87, 101, 166 . . . Attractive, 87, 102, 104 . . . Dipolar, 102 . . . Dispersion, 104 . . . Hydrogen bonding, 57f, 108, 121, 486 . . . Induction, 104 . . . Nondipolar, 103 . . . Overlap, 101 . . . Repulsive, 87, 101 . . . Second virial coefficient and, 89 . . . Switch, 441 Intermolecular potential energy, 101f, 107f, . . . . . . 166 Internal combustion engine, 403f Internal energy . . . Definition, 166 . . . Description, 172f . . . Isometric T-derivative, 172 . . . Isothermal V-derivative, 176, 348, 431 . . . Residual, 451, 454 . . . Tables of, 182 . . . Total differential, 172, 247, 431 Irreversibility, 144, 194 Irreversible process, 143, 164, 178, 187, . . . . . . 190, 235, 242f, 327, 335, 337, 338, . . . . . . 342f, 412, 436, 438 Isenthalpic process, 208f, 273f, 280, 381 Isobaric . . . Heat capacity, 202f, 219, 248, 298, 365 . . . Process, 199f, 218, 240, 322, 397, 412 |
From J. M. Haile, Lectures in Thermodynamics, Index, Macatea Productions, 2002.
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Isometric . . . Heat capacity, 172f, 179, 181, 203, 196 . . . Process, 73, 186f, 232, 233f Isotherm, Reversible, 188 Isothermal . . . Compression, 188, 231, 233, 319f, 409 . . . Expansion, 319, 409 Isothermal compressibility, 66 . . . Definition, 52 . . . Divergence, 67f . . . Of benzene, 56, 530 . . . Of carbon tetrachloride, 56, 530 . . . Of ideal gas, 70 . . . Of n-heptane, 56, 530 . . . Of nearly incompressible liquid, 66 . . . Of propane, 68, 530 . . . Of steam, 53 . . . Of water, 53, 56, 530 Joule, . . . Expansion, 180 . . . Experiment, 163f . . . -Thomson coefficient, 211, 281 . . . -Thomson expansion, 280, 412, 467 . . . -Thomson inversion curve, 211f . . . Unit of energy, 3, 561 Kinetic energy, 5 . . . Change, 5, 262f, 301, 305 . . . Molecular, 15, 166 Latent heat, 220 . . . Melting, 220 . . . Relate to PT curve, 222 . . . Sublimation, 221 . . . Vaporization, 220f, 481f Law, . . . First, 495 . . . . . . closed system, 168f, 196 . . . . . . open steady-flow, 253, 270 . . . Second, 495 . . . . . . closed system, 337f . . . . . . open steady-flow, 351 . . . . . . violations of, 362 |
Lee-Kesler correlation, 123f Lennard-Jones potential, 107 Lever Rule, 489 . . . Enthalpy, 278f, 384, 469 . . . Entropy,. . . 384 . . . Volume, 467 Light, 5, 478 Liquid, 32, 34f, 55f, 71, 72f, 66, 87, 91, 93, . . . . . . 123, 174f, 179, 182, 206, 209, 212, . . . . . . 220, 222, 239f, 256f, 264f, 268f, . . . . . . 276f, 285, 318, 356f, 380f, 390, 409, . . . . . . 450, 461f, 464f, 467, 472f, 483f . . . Molar volumes of, 531 Log-mean temperature, 367, 536 London force, 105 Lost work, 134f, 140, 144, 327 Mass Transfer, 13 . . . Bulk, 13, 18, 462 . . . Diffusion, 13, 18, 462f Material balance, 251, 263, 274, 466 . . . Steady state, 253 Maximum-work theorem, 332 Maxwell relations, 345f, 425 Measurable, 26, 31, 51, 65, 128, 176, . . . . . . 196, 208f, 211, 214, 247, 338, 341, . . . . . . 348, 419f, 424, 430f, 458, 494, 497 Mechanical . . . Efficiency, 145 . . . Energy balance, 270 . . . Equilibrium, 18, 462 . . . Instability, 53 Mechanics . . . Classical, 9 . . . Continuum, 9 . . . Quantum, 9 . . . Statistical, 9, 69, 89, 116, 174 Melting . . . Latent heat of, 220 . . . Line, 34, 40f, 47, 222 Melting point . . . Of hydrogen selenide, 56 . . . Of hydrogen sulfide, 56 . . . Of hydrogen telluride, 56 . . . Of pure substances, 521f . . . Of water, 56 Metastable state, 49, 91f |
From J. M. Haile, Lectures in Thermodynamics, Index, Macatea Productions, 2002.
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Methane, 153 . . . PT diagram, 223 Microwave oven, 16 Mixing, Adiabatic, 273f, 276f Model, 65f, 72 . . . Bad choice for, 72f . . . Cubic, 86f . . . Ideal gas, 68f . . . Nearly incompressible fluid, 66 . . . P-independent, 22, 435, 449 . . . Parameters in, 486 . . . Problem solving and, 152 . . . Process, 152, 155, 398, 496 . . . PvT, 65f, 77f, 86f . . . Substance, 152, 187, 239, 398 . . . V-independent, 22, 434, 453 . . . Vapor pressure from, 472f . . . Virial equations, 82 Molar volume of liquids, 531 Molecular kinetic energy, 15 Multistep process, 229f, 239f Murphy, 487 Nearly incompressible fluid, 66, 74 . . . Enthalpy, 201, 209 . . . Heat capacities, 206, 215, 220 . . . Internal energy, 179 . . . On PT diagram, 71 Newton, 3, 561 . . . Law of gravity, 99 . . . Method for algebraic equations, 95, . . . . . . 476, 538 . . . Second law, 4 NIST Website, 37 Nitrogen, 119, 146, 186f, 188f, 352 . . . Heat capacity of, 176, 402 . . . Isothermal compressibility of liquid, 127 . . . Second virial coefficient of, 120 Nondipolar substance, 103, 110 Nozzle, 268 |
Ohm's law, 165 Otto cycle, 404 Overlap forces, 101, 107 Ozone depletion, 416 Paddle-wheel experiment, 164 Pairwise additivity, 108 Parallel flow, 283, 288 Parameters in models, 93f, 486 Path, Hypothetical, 52, 146, 436, 442 Peng-Robinson Equation, 94 PH diagram, 212f, 279, 468 Phase change, 34, 220, 239f, 276f, 357, . . . . . . 379f, 412f, 467 Phase diagram, 33f . . . PH, 212, 279, 468 . . . PT, 39, 71, 223 . . . Pv, 41, 91f, 119, 136, 397, 404f, 466, 477 . . . PvT, 31f, 52 . . . TH, 292f, 363f, 370f . . . TS, 337f, 354f, 381, 387, 390, 392f, . . . . . . 397, 399, 403f, 411f, 414 Phase equilibria . . . Calculation of VL, 474f . . . Criteria for, 461f Phase rule, 32, 39, 43, 54, 117, 164, 172, . . . . . . 202, 220 Photon, 16 Piston/cylinder, 14, 132, 134, 141, 180, 188, . . . . . . 190, 199, 210 Pitzer's acentric factor, 94, 121f, 521, 531 Planck constant, 6, 16, 561 Polarizability, 105 . . . Table of, 106 Polynomial approximation, 78 Potential energy, 4 . . . Change, 4, 163f, 265, 302 . . . Molecular, 101, 107f, 116 Power, 254, 300f, 379f, 395f Power series, 78 |
From J. M. Haile, Lectures in Thermodynamics, Index, Macatea Productions, 2002.
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Pressure . . . -Enthalpy diagram, 212, 279, 468 . . . External, 131, 142, 181 . . . -Temperature diagram, 39, 71, 223 . . . -Volume diagram, 41, 91f, 119, 136, 397, . . . . . . 404f, 466, 477 Problem . . . Analysis, 158, 274, 276 . . . Design, 158, 229, 237, 239, 256f, 275, 279 . . . Solving, 150f, 495f Process, 18f . . . Adiabatic, see Adiabatic . . . Batch, 218, 251 . . . Continuous, 218, 251f . . . Cyclic, see Cycle . . . Diagram, 133 . . . Hypothetical, 52, 146, 436, 442 . . . Ideal gas, 185f, 205f . . . Isobaric, 199f, 218, 240, 322, 397, 412 . . . Isometric, 73, 186f, 232, 233f . . . Kinds of, 19 . . . Model, 152, 155, 398, 496 . . . Multi-step, 229f, 239f . . . One-step, 185f . . . Variable, 19, 23, 26, 133, 137, 163, 168, . . . . . . 188, 193, 206, 218, 226, 376, 494 . . . Workfree, 169, 186, 218, 232, 273f, . . . . . . 285, 287, 325, 335, 360f, 368, 382, . . . . . . 389, 404, 412, 423 Propane, 436, 530 . . . Compressibility factor, 79, 81, 83 . . . Heat capacity, 177 . . . Isothermal compressibility, 68 . . . PT diagram, 71 . . . Vapor-liquid saturation properties, 479, 487 . . . Virial coefficient, 81, 451 Properties, 18, 22f . . . Classes of, 25f . . . Conceptual, 26 . . . Importance of, 24f . . . Measurable, 26 . . . Number to set state, 21, 32, 262f . . . Residual, 441f, 449f PSALMS, 150f, 186, 271, 311, 319 PT diagram, 39, 71, 223 Pump, 305 . . . Efficiency of, 308f Pv diagram, 41f, 91f, 119, 136, 397, 404, . . . . . . 405, 466, 473 . . . Corresponding states and, 119 |
Quality, 277, 280, 384 Quantum mechanics, 9 R-134a, 413f, 417, 556 Rain, 170 Rankine cycle, . . . Analysis of, 382 . . . Description of, 380 . . . Efficiency of, 388 Reaction kinetics, 9 Redlich-Kwong Equation, 93, 476, 485 Redlich-Kwong-Soave Eq., 94, 476, 485 Reference state, 182, 201, 339 Refrigerant, 413, 416 Repulsive force, 80, 87, 101f Reservoir, 316 Residual properties, 441f . . . Definition, 443 . . . From models, 449f . . . Lee-Kesler correlation, for 123f Reversible . . . Change, 138, 140f, 142, 316 . . . Work, 135f, 143 Roots of cubics, 95, 475f, 534 Scaling laws, 98f Secant method, 476, 540 Second law, 495 . . . Closed system, 337f . . . Open steady-flow, 351 . . . Violations of, 362 Second virial coefficient . . . Corresponding states for, 120f, 122 . . . Density expansion, 79, 447 . . . Intermolecular forces and, 89 . . . Of argon, 126 . . . Pressure expansion, 82, 447 Sensible heat, 218f Shaft work, 255, 298f Sign convention, 15, 132, 168 Solid, 32, 34f, 39, 47, 60, 69 Spark-ignition, . . . Internal-combustion engine, 404 Spinodal, 91f, 95, 475 . . . From PvT model, 477f Standard problem, 43, 51, 73, 131, 140, 151, . . . . . . 158, 229, 239, 493 Stanley steamer, 303 State, 17, 22, 64 . . . Changing, 51f |
From J. M. Haile, Lectures in Thermodynamics, Index, Macatea Productions, 2002.
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State (con'd) . . . Corresponding, 98f, 114f . . . Diagram, 33f, 39f, 136 . . . Equilibrium, 17f, 140, 254 . . . For pures, 31 . . . For water, 36 . . . Identifying, 43f . . . Metastable, 49, 91f . . . Reference, 182, 201, 339 . . . Steady, 252 State diagram (see also, process diagram), . . . . . . 33f, 39f, 136 State function, 18, 100, 136, 146, 166, 329, 507 Steady flow . . . Energy balance, 253f, 256 . . . First law, 253, 256 . . . Independent variables, 262f . . . Material balance, 251f . . . Second law, 351 . . . Work, 255 Steady state, 252 Steam . . . Engine, 302, 315 . . . Quality, 277, 280, 384 . . . Tables, 42f, 542 . . . Turbine, 302, 380f, 387 Strategy for problem solving, 150 Sublimation, 34, 39, 41 . . . Latent heat of, 221f, 223 Surroundings, 12f, 16, 18f, 131f, 135, 142, . . . . . . 167, 170, 253, 263, 270, 315, 328 Switch on molecular forces, 441 System, 12, 151 . . . Choice of, 285f Tables of properties, 37, 182, 339 Taylor expansion, 77 Temperature, 15, 18, 22f, 31f, 47, 62, 166 . . . -enthalpy diagrams, 292f, 363f, 370f . . . -entropy diagrams, 337f, 354f, 381, . . . . . . 387, 390, 392f, 397, 399, 403f, 411f, . . . . . . 414 . . . Of approach, 295, 365, 369 Test for exactness, 23, 345, 426 TH diagram, 292f, 363f, 370f |
Thermal . . . Efficiency, 306, 316, 324, 330, 376 . . . Energy, 15 . . . Equilibrium, 18, 462 . . . Experiment (see also calorimetry), . . . . . . 173, 177, 182, 299, 430, 444 . . . Interaction, 15f, 20 . . . Pressure coefficient, 54, 177, 426, 484 . . . . . . of benzene, 57, 530 . . . . . . of carbon tetrachloride, 57, 530 . . . . . . of ideal gas, 70 . . . . . . of n-heptane, 57, 530 . . . . . . of propane, 530 . . . . . . of water, 57, 530 . . . . . . relate to heat capacities, 204 Titanic, 59 Ton of refrigeration, 413 Total differential, 23, 507 . . . Enthalpy, 202, 208, 211, 248, 281, 432 . . . Entropy, 341f, 346, 433f . . . Internal energy, 172, 247, 431f . . . . . . Volume, 23, 52, 54, 62, 147 Transient process, 252, 500 Transport phenomena, 9 Triple point, 32, 34, 36, 39, 56, 182 . . . Latent heats at, 221 . . . Of water, 36, 59, 340 Triple product rule, 54, 281, 345, 385, 512, 515 TS diagram, 337f, 354f, 381, 387, 390, 392f, . . . . . . 397, 399, 403f, 411f, 414 . . . Benzene, 357 . . . Water, 355 Turbine, 302f, 306, 317, 319, 380f, 387, 395f, . . . . . . 398, 410, 412, 494 Unstable system, 53, 92 Vacuum, 16, 181 Van der Waals . . . Equation, 86f, 476f, 485f . . . Forces, 105 . . . Isotherms on Pv, 88 . . . Loops, 90, 473, 475, 477 . . . Parameters in, 90, 106, 486 . . . Second virial coefficient of, 89 |
From J. M. Haile, Lectures in Thermodynamics, Index, Macatea Productions, 2002.
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Vapor (or gas), 32, 40, 68f Vapor-compression heat pump, 408 Vapor-liquid . . . Equilibrium (VLE), 462f, . . . Power cycles, 379f Vapor-pressure curve, 34, 39, 41, 222f, 472f . . . Correlation, 226, 527 . . . From PvT models, 472f . . . Lee-Kerlser correlation for, . . . Water, 225, 543f Vaporization, latent heat, 220f, 481f Venn diagram, 246 Virial coefficient . . . Alkane, 89, 106 . . . Corresponding states for, 120, 122 . . . Intermolecular forces and, 89 . . . Of argon, 126 . . . Propane, 451 . . . Second in density, 79, 447 . . . Second in pressure, 82, 447 . . . Third in density, 79 . . . Third in pressure, 82 . . . Van der Waals, 89 Virial equation, 77f . . . In density, 78f . . . In pressure, 82 Volume, . . . Control, 251 . . . Excluded, 87 . . . Free, 87 . . . From cubic, 95, 534f . . . Liquid, 531 . . . Residual, 445f, 451 . . . Total differential of, 23, 52, 54, 62, 147 Volume expansivity, 53, 66, 214, 386 . . . Definition, 53 . . . Joule-Thomson inversion and, 212 . . . Of benzene, 530 . . . Of carbon tetrachloride, 530 . . . Of ideal gas, 70 . . . Of n-heptane, 530 . . . Of propane, 530 . . . Of steam, 53 . . . Of water, 53, 56, 530 . . . Relate to isothermal entropy derivative, 537 . . . Relate to heat capacities, 204 Volumetric experiments, 177, 182, 430, 444 |
Warming, global, 416 Water, 16f, 37, 62, 82f, 530, 542 . . . Density maximum, 22 . . . Dipole moment of, 104 . . . Hydrogen bonding in, 55f . . . Isothermal compressibility, 53, 56, 530 . . . Melting line, 40, 223 . . . PH diagram, 213, 279 . . . PT diagram, 40, 223 . . . States of, 36, 42f, 542 . . . Thermal pressure coefficient, 57, 530 . . . Triple point of, 35, 36 . . . TS diagram, 355 . . . Vapor pressure, 543f . . . Vapor pressure curve, 225 . . . Volume expansivity, 53, 56, 530 Waterwheel, 302 Windmill, 300 Work, 4, 23, 129f, 168 . . . Adiabatic, 163, 166, 168f, 352f . . . Against gravity, 4, 99 . . . Against molecular forces, 107f . . . Electrical, 165, 173, 412 . . . Equivalence to energy, 5 . . . Flow, 254f . . . Lost, 134f, 141 . . . Modes of, 14, 17 . . . Reversible, 135f, 141, 143 . . . Shaft, 254, 298f . . . Sign convention for, 132 . . . Steady flow, 254 . . . To change volume, 14, 131 . . . To displace, 4 . . . To elevate, 4 Workfree process, 169, 186, 218 X-ray diffraction, 59 Yaws correlation, 527 Zero Kelvin, 15 |
From J. M. Haile, Lectures in Thermodynamics, Index, Macatea Productions, 2002.
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